*Correspondence: Mounir Bouassida, mounir.bouassida@enit.utm.tn, Characterization of expansive soils and mitigation of swelling phenomena, View all Given the swelling behaviour of this sample, an oedometer swell test was performed and discussed hereafter. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in This solution has been adopted and approved in forthcoming a lightweight building construction at the Faculty of Sciences of Tunis City. Geotech Geol. Cartographie de l'ala retrait-gonflement des argiles dans le dpartement de l'Ille-et-Vilaine. Indeed, the mass of sand layer and porous stone is 167.2g and the oedometer ring diameter is 7cm. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Click to Enlarge. Learn more. To prevent the occurrence of the swelling phenomenon, the peripheral drainage trench revealed a suitable method to control water evacuation away from structural elements in contact with these problematic clays. Simply put, expansive soils contract and are very hard when dry, then expand and are sticky when wet. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Is sand an expansive soil? The experiments have been conducted on the clayey soil samples were to determine physical and chemical properties. Snethen, D. R., Johnson, L. D., and Patrick, D. M. (1977). Classification of expansive soils based on Cc/Cs ratio and swelling pressure. (2012). Tuesday, January 23, 2018 An Overview Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. This is because the contact between the granular material particles can be a point, line or surface. When the soil contains very little expansive minerals, it has little expansive potential. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. A reduction in deformation of 21.4% is observed, then, follows the decrease in the swelling pressure compared to the tested specimen case 1. Wang, J. X. This involves excavation of expansive soil and replacement with non-expansive material, where the depth of active zone (depth from ground surface wherein seasonal moisturethe shear strength of foundation expansive soils. They usually contain some form of expansive clay mineral, such as smectite or vermiculite, that are able to absorb water and swell, increasing in volume, when they get wet and shrink . Kaolinite is considered a pure clay because its composition is rather consistent. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. This article is about natural soils that swell. Expansive soils have to be considered during the engineering process before construction of buildings, pavements, electrical pylons, pipelines, or other projects can begin. doi:10.1061/jsfeaq.0000431. 4 (18), 32313237. The characterization is referred to direct methods rather use data from the oedometer swell test, free swell tests and suction measurement. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. Correspondence to Figures 7A,B show the difference between the respective oedometer curves of a non-expansive soil and an expansive soil, however without having any notice about the measurement of the free swell. IOP Conf. Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. doi:10.1080/19648189.2017.1320236. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. An explanation of such behaviour might be the friction resistance induced between the sand particles. Turns out, dirt has a heckuva lot of sobriquets. remains constant. Al-Busoda, B. S., Abid Awn, S. H., and Obaid, H. (2017). Determination of Unconfined compressive strength (first revision), Kumar A, Walia BS, Abjaj A (2007) Influence of fly ash, lime, and polyester fibres on compaction and strength properties of expansive soil. Five hours after the beginning of the test, the upward vertical displacement equals 0.22mm (Figure 15B). 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). First, identify if the soil on your . Expansive soils alsoshrink, compress when they dry out. 3 Articles, Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Inc, Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. (A) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys non-expansive soil (SC2-EI21 sample) with Cc/Cs = 19.2. Expansive soil has been studied for eighty decades because it is prone to cause geotechnical engineering accidents. In this study, two distinct oedometer tests are proposed: only with expansive clay sample (Figure 9A), with expansive clays sample plus a granular layer (Figure 9B). Expansive soils behave differently from other normal soils due to their tendency to swell and shrink. - 45.55.186.116. Expansive soils shrink and swell in response to soil moisture levels. The cost of repairing these damages is quite high (Osman and Charlie, 1983; Nuhfer, 1994; Azam et al., 2013). J. Currently, builders are required by law to have a Geotechnical Engineer (G.E.) The mitigation solution reduced the swelling effect by placing a compacted granular layer as an interface between the expansive clay and the foundation. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. From this figure, it is seen that data of non-expansive soils, characterised by a swell pressure lower or equal to nearly 50kPa belong to the side where Cc/Cs ratio is greater than 10. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. Well, the answer has to do, at least to some degree, with the topic of expansive soils. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. Following damages may be . Large cracks and fissures can also develop in the soil. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. Financial Support from IIT Kharagpur is gratefully acknowledged. The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow. There is a strong correlation between swelling characteristics and basic soil parameters (Kim et al., 2013). In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage caused by expansive soils. Deformation in case 1: (1) = l(1) / l(1) = 0.54 / 19 = 0.028. Expansive soils swell when exposed to large amounts of water and shrink when the water evaporates. Proc. The interpretation of the results and main findings are addressed in the final section. Foundation on Expansive Soils: A Review. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. However, a number of clay minerals are expansive. Sahin, H. (2011). The swelling phenomenon attracted several investigators, first, to explain how it can occur (Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Recent research on local expansive clays has focused on the Springer, Singapore. Source: Map courtesy of https://geology.com/articles/soil/. The engineer may recommend apost tension slabfor a new home for example orpush/helicalpiers to push through the active zone of soil to hitbedrockfor an existing project. Local occurrences Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. expansive soil layers. (1989). As water is absorbed, the clay particles move apart, increasing the swelling pressure (Elarabi, 2010). MATEC Web of Conferences 11, 03004. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20141103004, Medjnoun, A., and Bahar, R. (2016). Expansive soils are those which are made of certain kinds of earth. Hence, studying the behaviour of foundations on expansive soils is a theme of high interest, in particular for many African countries (Kalantari, 2012; Nelson et al., 2015; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). Financial Support from IIT Kharagpur is gratefully acknowledged. Figure 4 illustrates the occurrence of soil cracking in an expansive clay. Performing an oedometer test, those two indices can be determined for any saturated soil either expansive or non-expansive. The two cases do not have the same swelling rate or the same behaviour. For lightweight aggregate product, see. New York: Elsevier Publisher B.V. Chen, F. H. (1965). The map soil categories would not apply for these locations. Not expensive; cheap. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. 2. A&M, Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, 3me Confrence Maghrbine en Ingnierie Gotechnique CMIG13, Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, National Engineering School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, No. Second, the drainage role is facilitated by the high permeability of the granular material. The problem is so unfamiliar to the average homeowner that they don't know what to call it. Therefore, the classification method herein presented is in good agreement with several methods for the characterization of expansive soils (Table 3). Medjnoun, A., Bahar, R., and Khiatine, M. (2014). Expansivesoils are responsible for both these phenomena. Oedometer tests performed on a 53% thickness clay specimen overlaid by a 47% thickness of sand showed a significant reduction of the swelling pressure compared to that measured on a full expansive clay specimen. Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes (Chen, 1975). The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that 1/4 of all homes in the United States have some damage caused by expansive soils. The extracted specimen comes from the National Engineering School of Tunis site, nearby the retaining wall shown in Figures 3A,B. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists beneath them as shown on a geologic map. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to effects on prostate volume and residual . The amount of expansive minerals such as montmorillonite, vermiculite and some sulfate salts also affect how much a soil can expand. 1 (1). The temperature in the distilled water in the lab was 24C. It has received 3 citation(s) till now. An intact sample from the S1 core, of water content 15.9%, is placed in the oedometer ring as shown in Figure 11. Click to Enlarge. Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The Colloidal Activity of Clays, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Switzerland, 5761. This cycle of shrinkage and swelling places repetitive stress on structures, and damage worsens over time. (B) Free swellTime curve of case 2 (47% Sand +47% S1) under 0.25kPa. The plumb-bob reveals 9 inches of inward displacement. Then, the specimen stabilized at this deformation level. Buildings that have been built on expansive soils without extensive reinforcements may have cracks in foundations, walls, floors or ceilings. Expansive soil is a kind of soil as opposed to a condition that can be caused in soil. Soils are composed of a variety of materials, most of which do not expand in the presence of moisture. (1983). Expansive Soils are soils that have the ability to shrink and/or swell, and thus change in volume, in relation to changes in their moisture content. Infrastruct. Expandable soils are referred to by many names. FIGURE 2. By referring to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), this specimen has low activity and a low probability to swell. Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of high swelling potential. Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associat View the full answer Previous question Next question University of Khartoum. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. So, lets unpack this a bit. To better illustrate this process, exchangeable cations are attracted to the surface of the negatively charged clay particles. Meanwhile, there is a high probability of cracks appearance in the soil. FIGURE 1. Now, expansive soils are referred to by names, including expanding soil, expansive clays, shrink-swell soils, and heavable soils. Case 2: Upward vertical displacement vs time displayed in Figure 14B shows a different evolution as recorded for the specimen case 1 (Figure 14A). It is useful for learning areas where expansive soils underlie a significant The compacted sand layer acts as a shock absorber to reduce the swelling pressure effect of the soil. Sci. Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists. Data comprises Tunisian and two non-Tunisian soils. The proposed characterization method is based on the Cc/Cs ratio by using data collected from four (04) case histories and selected ones from others countries (Algeria and United States). The molecules of water are polar, and are attracted to the surface of the clay particles. Finding the optimum efficiency and thickness of the granular layer to reduce the swelling pressure is the objective. Expansive Soil And Foundation Cracks Video. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. Characterization of Expansive Soil for Retaining wall Design. 978-1-118-41799-7. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. When water is absorbed by a clayey soil which had shrunk by evaporation of pore water, the compression forces between soil particles reduces considerably and elastic expansion occurs and this cause swelling. This property is commonly referred to as shrink-swell potential. Caractrisation et estimation du gonflement des argiles algriennes, cas des argiles de Mda. Then, the specimen settlement started. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age. The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). One can interpret this ratio as an indicator of volume variation quantifying the degree of the soil compression (Cc) with respect to the soil swell (Cs). Then, in colder areas of the great USA, frost can expand water by a whopping 9%! Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. Summary of shrink-swell phenomenon. He now manages the marketing department and creates everything that you see from us digitally. As adjectives the difference between inexpensive and cheap is that inexpensive is low in price while cheap is low and/or reduced in price. Expansive Soil in Sudan, BBRI Current Papers. Laboratory testing is important to determine the soil type and the amount of clay content. From current oedometer test results carried out on expansive and non-expansive clays, the ratio of compression index (Cc) by the swelling index (Cs) was determined. As an adverb cheap is cheaply. According to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), two characterization types are distinguished. Previously expanded soils that have since contracted contain cracks or voids left behind by the loss of moisture. These low rise buildings also typically have shallow foundations which are more susceptible to soil movements than deep foundations found on taller structures. Foundations on Expansive Soils. The swelling and shrinkage behaviour of clay is a very dangerous phenomenon that leads to several kinds of damage and huge repair costs. Another very common sign of expansive soil heave is cracking and lifting of the floor slab of a two-car garage. Expansive soils contain minerals, such as smectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. (A) Free swellTime curve of case 1 (only expansive clay) under 0.25kPa. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that 1/4 of all homes in the United States have some damage caused by expansive soils. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. This could be risky for users. doi:10.1007/s41062-016-0043-6, Mostafiz, R. B., Friedland, C. J., Rohli, R. V., Bushra, N., and Held, C. L. (2021). Soil Mech. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Bowels, J. E. (1988). Soc. When they absorb water, they increase in volume. When adding water to expansive clays, their molecules are drawn into the space between the clay particles (Figure 2). Swelling pressure versus Cc/Cs ratio. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. Compared to multi-story structures, low rise buildings such as houses, some office buildings or apartment complexes are especially at risk because they do not weigh very much compared to the relatively large area they can cover. Click to Enlarge. (2015). Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 553563Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 55). Over 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. The Use of Piers to Prevent the Uplifting of Lightly Loaded Structure Founded on Expansive Soil, in Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. The development of autonomous mobile robots is increasingly attracting the attention of large groups of researchers. Here at Dalinghaus Construction Inc., we talk a lot aboutfoundation settlementandfoundation heave. All rights reserved. on Lime Stabilization, Thomas Telford, London, pp 512, IS: 2720 (Part 10)-1973. Since 1994 Mintek Resources, Inc. has provided solutions to the Environmental, Construction, Agricultural, Oil & Gas, Waste Water Treatment, Industrial markets & more. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. For instance, the soil swells during the high humidity season with induced deformation in a retaining wall. Villey, M. (2010). Engrg. J. Appl. FIGURE 12. Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful. As is known [1,2,3,4,5], an autonomous mobile robot is an automatic device designed to perform industrial, transport, medical, military, space, and other operations, usually without human intervention.To complete the required tasks [6,7,8], this type of robot involves complex . Inexpensive adjective. All construction projects should include a soil analysis to identify the types Expansive soil is generally a clay that is inherently susceptible to swelling and shrinking due to its chemical composition. Chemical treatment of expansive clays and improvement solutions, like using granular material, were proposed (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017, etc.). Manigniavy, S. A. Characterization of Expansive Clays. Mahamedi, A., and Khemissa, M. (2013). According to the BETand Newman methods, the SSA can Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. Expansive soils are present, at least in some degree, in all 50 states. Expansive Soil Characterisation: an Appraisal. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Activity, noted Ac, is calculated as the ratio between the plasticity index and the percentage of particles of dimensions less or equal to 2m. (B) A composite sample: 53% of expansive clay and 47% of granular material. Nuhfer, E. B. As for mitigation, adequate methods to prevent the swell effect should be formulated. Eng. To date, many countries have not yet made financial assessments of the losses related to expansive soil problems. Table 1 details those data as determined from oedometer tests preceded by the measurement of the swell pressure. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to the soils plastic limit, and a water source near a potential expansive soil. Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays. Experimental and Numerical Study on Swelling Potential Estimation of Expansive Clay Mixtures, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 281288. The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. A threshold value of the ratio C c /C s was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. Indian Standard Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes. FIGURE 15. The liquid limit and plastic limits were determined as per IS: 2720 (part 5)-1985 [].The pH for both the soils provided in Table 1 has been found out as per IS: 2720 (part 26)-1987 [].The plasticity index is accounted as the numerical difference between . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. However, each of these approaches may This paper addressed the study of the classification and mitigation of expansive soils. Annually, billions of dollars are spent worldwide in repairing the severe damage that currently affects constructions as a result of the swell phenomenon. The oedometer cell is filled with water to ensure the soil saturation and continuous circulation of the water. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Definition. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Transportation. Gueddouda, M. K., Goual, I., Lamara, M., and Goual, S. (2013). 7, 754761. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.754761. relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; In this regard, several contributions have been published (Hussain and Dash, 2011; Plaisted and Zornberg, 2011; Gueddouda et al., 2013; Aniculaesi and Lungu, 2019). Justin joins the Dalinghaus Construction family with a significant background in logistics and project management. Chen, F. H. (1975). This design, as shown in Figure 8A, was chosen because the load distribution (swelling pressure of soil) on the foundation is different to that on a granular layer, which is non-continuous loading (Figure 8B). Therefore, based on those two classification methods the swelling characterization is not confirmed. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Some areas have more expansive soils than others (see map below from Geology.com). One important difference between king and emperor lies in the rules governing succession to the title. During time, the swelling rate decreases; in fact, in the intervals time (0; 2000s); (2000; 4,500s); (4,500; 5,000s); (5,000; 6,000s), the swelling rates are equal to 22.4nm/s, 38.5nm/s, 17.1nm/s, 36nm/s and 15nm/s, respectively. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Treating fine grained soils with a calcium-based reagent, such as lime, can modify the clay portion of soils and reduce the shrink/swell potential. New York City: McGraw-Hills Inc., U.S.A., 312316. It indicates the capacity of the soil. The swelling phenomenon in expansive clays is complex and arises from an electrochemical process. In the future, this research aims to collect more data to confirm the first findings on the characterization of expansive clays and to further investigate the performance of using granular material as a separation zone between foundations and expansive soil to mitigate the swelling phenomenon. (1956). doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9341-5. 251404N, 1101048E), southern China, labeled as Soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. (2021). on Lime Stabilization, Thomas Telford, London, pp 512, IS: 2720 (Part 10)-1973. The map on this page shows the generalized geographic distribution of soils that are known to have expandable clay minerals which can cause damage to foundations and structures. Innov. In case of RHA the reduction in strength may be due to the formation of coarse particles which results in lower densities and more void formation. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. The gap between those existing approaches appears in the absence of comparison between those methods. When they take on water, they increase in volume. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. Aniculaesi, M., and Lungu, I. Determination of pH value (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 40)-1977. (1995). Oedometer swell test is applied to Case 2. - 51.255.122.1. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. of soil present and determine their expansive properties. Skempton, A. W. (1953). There are also some sulfate salts Swelling Behavior of Soils, in Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, 229232. The usefulness fluctuations occur) is small and where a suitable replacement material is available. After observed results, the specimen swelling is noticed (Figures 14A,B). In turn, when Cc/Cs ratio is lower than 8 one can identify expansive soils for which the swell pressure is in the range of 75400kPa. Kim, H-K., Shin, H., and Kang, Y-T. (2013). According to Holtz and Gibbs (1956), the conventional oedometer swell test is the most useful and reliable assessment of the swell potential.

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